start numbering from 1) with each chapter.Įvery time the ideas, facts or opinions of another are used in a piece of work this must be acknowledged with a full reference. In a book-length piece, you should start a new series of notes (i.e.
If you’d like an expert to proofread your work, including footnotes and bibliographies, our team of over 400 professional editors is here to help.In the MHRA system, references to sources used in your work are set out in full in notes, either at the bottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the piece of work (endnotes). Hopefully, you’re now clear on where to place footnote markers in your writing. However, if the punctuation mark is a dash (i.e., em dash, en dash, or hyphen), you should put the footnote marker before it. In almost every instance, you should place the footnote marker after the punctuation. This would usually be at the end of a phrase or sentence, which means it will be next to a piece of punctuation. If you’re using footnotes for your citations or any other supplementary information, you should place superscript footnote markers at the most logical point within the text. There is one exception to the “after punctuation” rule: when you need to place a footnote marker next to a dash, you should put it in front, like this:įootnote markers go before dashes 5 -that’s the only exception.
Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter!įootnote markers go after most punctuation marks: 4 commas, colons, quotation marks, etc. I could talk about punctuation all day! 3Īnd if the footnote marker is placed mid-sentence, it should likewise be placed after the punctuation: A marker at the end of a sentence should always go after the punctuation, whether it’s a period, question mark, or exclamation point: 1īut if it seems more logical, 2 you can place them after a clause.Īs you can see, we have put the footnote marker after the punctuation in both of these examples.
Ideally, you should insert footnote markers after the most relevant phrase or sentence:įootnote markers often go at the end of a sentence.
Where Should You Place Footnote Markers?Ī footnote marker is a superscript number placed within the main body of text that corresponds with a note at the bottom (or “foot”) of the page. It can be tricky to know exactly where to place footnote markers, so in this post, we’ll explain the basic rules. Some referencing styles (e.g., Chicago’s footnote and bibliography system) require footnotes for citations, but you can use them for any additional comments that might otherwise distract the reader. Writers-especially students and researchers-use footnotes to provide extra information without interrupting the flow of ideas in their work. Should Footnote Markers Go After the Punctuation?
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